Phytase mutants

ABSTRACT

Provided are mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 of a wild-type phytase APPA. After being treated for 10 min at 80° C., the residual enzyme activities of the mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 are respectively higher by 33.85%, 53.11% and 75.86% compared with that of APPA-M; after being treated for 5 min at 85° C., the residual enzyme activities of the mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 are respectively higher by 14.89%, 28.45% and 44.94% compared with that of APPA-M, and the heat resistance of these mutants is significantly higher than that of APPA-M.

This application claims priority to Chinese application No. 201410677220.8, named “Phytase mutants”, filed on Nov. 21, 2014, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to biotechnology field, and particularly relates to phytase mutants, the method for producing the mutants and the uses thereof. The present invention also relates to DNA molecules encoding the mutants, expression vectors, and host cells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Phytase is a type of phosphatase enzyme and can hydrolyze phytate phosphorus (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) into myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate. There are two types of phytase: 3-phytase (EC 3.1.3.8) and 6-phytase (EC 3.1.2.6). Phytase is widely spread in nature, occurring in plants, animals and microorganisms, including higher plants such as maize and wheat, prokaryotic microbes such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli, eukaryotic microbes such as yeast, Rhizopus and Aspergillus.

Phytate phosphorus is a major component of all plant seeds, constituting 1%-3% by weight of many cereals, beans and oilseeds and typically accounting for 60%-80% of the total phosphorus. However, mono gastric animals metabolize only 0%-40% of the phytate phosphorus since they lack digestive enzymes for phytate, which results in a number of problems. First of all, phosphorus source are wasted. On one hand, phytate phosphorus source in feed cannot be efficiently utilized, on the other hand, in order to ensure that the animals' requirement for phosphorus, it is necessary to add inorganic phosphorus in feed, which increases the feed costs. Secondly, the excreta with high phosphorus pollute the environment. 85% of the phytate phosphorus in feed will be directly excreted by animals, and the excreta containing high phytate phosphorus will pollute the water and soil seriously. In addition, phytate phosphorus is also a kind of antinutrient, which binds to several metallic ions such as Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺ and other proteins to form insoluble compositions, preventing or inhibiting the absorption of the nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract, and reduces the effective utilization of nutrients.

Phytase can be used as a feed additive for mono gastric animals, and the feeding effect has been worldwide confirmed. Phytase can improve the phosphorus availability of plant feeds by 60% and decrease the phosphorus excretion by 40%. Phytase also can counteract the anti-nutritional properties of phytate. Therefore, the addition of phytase in animal feed is helpful for improving the production efficiency of livestock and poultry industry and for reducing the environmental pollution caused by phytate.

There are two main kinds of phytase for industrial production, one of which is fungal phytase derived from Aspergillus niger and the other is bacterial phytase derived from E. coli. The phytase APPA derived from E. coli has high specific activity and good gastrointestinal stability, and can be used in the feed industry by addition to mash feed directly or spraying on pelleted feed.

Bacterial phytase APPA has lower heat stability, the retention rate of which was even less than 30% after 70 degree Celsius (° C.) for 5 minutes in water bath. Thus there is is a restriction of adding phytase directly into feed processing due to its low resistance on high temperature of 80-90° C. in feed pelleting period. However, there are still several disadvantages of applying liquid spraying technology using phytase, such as high equipment cost, less stability and uniformity of enzymes in the feed. Therefore it is of great importance to improve thermostability of phytase for feed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides phytase mutants and the production methods thereof. The phytase mutants have enhanced thermostabilities, which is conducive to the wide applications of the phytase mutants in the feed field.

This invention provides phytase mutants comprising the amino acid sequences shown in (I) and (II):

(I) an amino acid sequence which has at least 70% identity to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase;

(II) an amino acid sequence which has at least one immune epitope of the phytase, and comprises a modification, substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids within the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In some embodiments of the invention, the phytase mutants comprise amino acid sequences which have at least 75% identity to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants comprise amino acid sequences which have at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants comprise amino acid sequences which have at least 85% identity to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants comprise amino acid sequences which have at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants comprise amino acid sequences which have at least 95% identity to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In some embodiments, the modifications include amidation, phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, or carbonylation.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 amino acid substitutions within the amino acid sequence encoding the phytase.

In some embodiments of the invention, the phytase mutants comprise 12, 13, 16 or 17 amino acid substitutions within the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants have one or more amino acid substitutions in a position selected from position 25, 46, 62, 70, 73, 75, 114, 137, 142, 146, 159 and 255, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase.

In some embodiments of the invention, the amino acid sequence of the wild-type phytase is SEQ ID NO: 1.

In further embodiments, the phytase mutants comprise 12 amino acid substitutions, wherein the amino acid substitutions are in positions 25, 46, 62, 70, 73, 75, 114, 137, 142, 146, 159 and 255, and the substitutions are 25F, 46E, 62W, 70E, 73P, 75C, 114H, 137V, 142R, 146E, 159Y and 255D, the position corresponding to the respective position in SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention also provides DNA molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a phytase mutant described herein.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 9.

In other embodiments, the DNA molecules encoding phytase mutants have polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 10.

The invention also provides vectors containing the DNA molecules encoding phytase mutants.

In other embodiment, the phytase mutant has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and one of the polynucleotide sequences encoding the same is SEQ ID NO: 4.

The invention also provides the plasmid containing the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants also comprise amino acid substitutions in position 380, the position corresponding to the respective position in SEQ ID NO: 1.

In other embodiments, the amino acid substitution in position 380 is 380P (from Ala to Pro).

In other embodiment, the phytase mutant has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and one of the polynucleotide sequences encoding the same is SEQ ID NO: 6.

The invention also provides plasmids containing the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants also comprise one or more amino acid substitutions in position 80, 176 and 187, the position corresponding to the respective position in SEQ ID NO: 1.

In other embodiments, the amino acid substitution in position 80 is 80P (from Ser to Pro), the amino acid substitution in position 176 is 176P (from Asn to Pro), the amino acid substitution in position 187 is 187P (from Ser to Pro).

In other embodiment, the phytase mutant has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and one of the polynucleotide sequences encoding the same is SEQ ID NO: 8.

The invention also provides plasmids containing the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.

In other embodiments, the phytase mutants also comprise the amino acid substitutions in position 161, the position corresponding to the respective position in SEQ ID NO: 1.

In other embodiments, the amino acid substitution in position 161 is 161P (from Thr to Pro).

In other embodiment, the phytase mutant has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and one of the polynucleotide sequences encoding the same is SEQ ID NO: 10.

The invention also provides plasmids containing the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.

The invention also provides the methods of producing the phytase mutants, which include:

Step 1: obtain a DNA molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding any one of the amino acid sequences shown in (I) and (II):

(I) an amino acid sequence which has at least 70% identity to the amino acid sequence of a wild-type phytase;

(II) an amino acid sequence which has at least one immune epitope of the phytase, and comprise a modification, substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids of the amino acid sequence of the phytase.

Step 2: fuse the DNA molecule obtained by step 1 to the expression vectors, construct recombinant expression vectors, and transform the recombinant expression vectors into the host cells;

Step 3: induce the host cells containing recombinant expression vectors to express the fusion protein, and then isolate and purify the fusion protein.

In some embodiments of the invention, the modifications in the method of producing the phytase mutants include amidation, phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, or carbonylation.

In other embodiments, the substitutions in the method of producing the phytase mutants include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 amino acid substitutions within the amino acid sequence of the phytase.

In other embodiments, the substitutions in the method of producing the phytase mutants include one or more amino acid substitutions in a position selected from position 25, 46, 62, 70, 73, 75, 114, 137, 142, 146, 159 and 255, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of the phytase.

In other embodiments, the substitutions in the method of producing the phytase mutants also include amino acid substitutions in position 380, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence encoding the phytase.

In other embodiments, the substitutions in the method of producing the phytase mutants further include one or more amino acid substitutions in position 80, 176 and 187, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of the phytase.

In other embodiments, the substitutions in the method of producing the phytase mutants further include amino acid substitutions in position 161, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of the phytase.

In some embodiments, the DNA molecules in step 1 of the method are obtained by amplification reactions of cDNA encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:9.

The host cell in Step 2 of the method is Pichia.

The invention also provides a modified feed such as feed for mono gastric animals comprising an effective amount of a phytase mutant described herein.

The invention also provides host cells containing the recombinant expression vectors.

In some embodiments, the host cell is Pichia.

The recombinant phytase mutants expressed in the Pichia containing the plasmid are more heat-resistant.

The invention provides phytase mutants comprising any one of the amino acid sequences shown in (I) and (II):

(I) an amino acid sequence which has at least 70% identity to the amino acid sequence of a wild-type phytase;

(II) an amino acid sequence which has at least one immune epitope of the phytase, and comprise a modification, substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids of the amino acid sequence of the phytase.

There are four phytase mutants provided in the invention with improved heat resistance. After being treated at 75° C. for 5 minutes, the residual enzyme activity of the mutant APPA-M was higher than 95%, while that of the wild-type phytase APPA was lower than 10%. Using the mutant APPA-M as a basis, the invention also provided an additional one-point mutant PHY1 (A380P), an additional four-point mutant PHY4 (S80P, T161P, N176P and A380P) and an additional five-point mutant PHY5 (S80P, T161P, N176P, S187P and A380P). After being treated at 80° C. for 10 min, the residual enzyme activities of the mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were higher by 33.85%, 53.11% and 75.86% respectively compared with that of APPA-M. After being treated at 85° C. for 5 min, the residual enzyme activities of the mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were higher by 14.89%, 28.45% and 44.94% respectively compared with that of APPA-M. The heat resistance of these mutants are significantly higher than that of APPA-M, which will improve the applications of the phytase mutants in feed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the map of recombinant plasmid pPIC9K-APPA;

FIG. 2 shows the thermostability of PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 compared with that of APPA-M.

EMBODIMENT

The invention discloses phytase mutants, methods of production and the uses thereof, DNA molecules encoding the mutants, vectors, and host cells. Technicians having ordinary skill in the field can learn from the contents of this invention and improve the process parameters to realize it. It is particularly to be noted that all similar substitutions and modifications will be regarded as obvious and are considered to be included in the invention. The invention has described the methods and applications in the preferred embodiments, and technicians in this field can readily modify or appropriately modify and combine the methods and applications to realize and apply the invention without departing from the contents, spirit and scope of the invention.

Conventional techniques and methods in the field of genetic engineering and molecular biology are used in the invention, for example, the methods recorded in MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 3nd Ed. (Sambrook, 2001) and CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Ausubel, 2003). These general references provide one of skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this invention. Based on the technical scheme described in the invention, all technical and scientific terms can choose other conventional methods, experimental programs and reagents to realize the invention, not limited to that described in the embodiments of the invention. For example, the following experimental materials and reagents can be used in the invention:

Strains and vectors: E. coli DH5α, Pichia pastoris strain GS115, vector pPIC9k were purchased from Invitrogen.

Reagents: Amp and G418 were purchased from Invitrogen.

Enzymes and Kits: PCR enzymes and ligases were purchased from Takara; restriction endonucleases were purchased from Fermentas; plasmid mini kit and gel extraction kit were purchased from Omega; geneMorph II random mutagenesis kit was purchased from MBL Beijing Biotech Co., Ltd.

Medium Recipes:

Lariant broth (LB medium): 0.5% yeast extract, 1% tryptone, 1% NaCl, pH7.0;

LB-AMP medium: LB medium with 100 μg/mL ampicillin;

Yeast extract peptone dextrose medium (YPD medium): 1% yeast extract, 1% tryptone, 1% glucose;

Minimal dextrose medium (MD medium): 2% tryptone, 2% agar;

BMGY medium: 2% tryptone, 1% yeast extract, 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), 1.34% YNB, 4×10⁻⁵ biotin, 1% glycerol;

BMMY medium: 2% tryptone, 1% yeast extract, 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), 1.34% YNB, 4×10⁻⁵ biotin, 1% methanol.

The invention was further illustrated by the following examples:

Example 1 Phytase Mutants

Gene synthesis of the wild-type phytase APPA and phytase mutant APPA-M The wild-type phytase APPA was derived from E. coli, of which the amino acid sequence was SEQ ID NO:1 and the encoding polynucleotide sequence was SEQ ID NO: 2. In order to improve the thermostability of APPA, a phytase mutant was obtained by introducing 12 point-mutations into the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, which were A25F, W46E, Q62W, G70E, A73P, K75C, T114H, N137V, D142R, S146E, R159Y, Y255D.

The phytase mutant was named APPA-M, of which the amino acid sequence was SEQ ID NO: 3 and the encoding polynucleotide sequence was SEQ ID NO: 4. The polynucleotide sequence was optimized according to the codon preference of Pichia pastoris and synthesized by Shanghai Generay Biotech Co., Ltd with an EcoRI restriction site and a NotI restriction site added to the 5′ end and 3′ end respectively.

The same method above was used to synthesize the polynucleotide sequence of the wild-type phytase APPA.

Construction of the Expression Vector Carrying Phytase Gene

The two polynucleotide sequences synthesized in example 1.1 and the plasmid pPIC-9k were first digested by EcoRI and NotI, and then ligated together at 16° C. overnight respectively. After that, the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli DH5α. The recombinant E. coli strains then were spread onto LB+Amp plates. The plates were placed inverted and incubated at 37° C. until transformants grew up. Positive transfromants were selected and verified by colony PCR and DNA sequencing, and named as pPIC9K-APPA (the map of pPIC9K-APPA were shown in FIG. 1) and pPIC9K-APPA-M respectively. The reaction system of colony PCR contained: monoclonal sample, rTaqDNA polymerase 0.5 ul, 10×Buffer 2.0 μL, dNTPs (2.5 mM) 2.0 μL, 5′AOX primer (10M) 0.5 μL, 3′AOX primer 0.5 μL, ddH2O 14.5 μL; PCR conditions were: 95° C. for 5 min (1 cycle), 94° C. for 30 sec, 55° C. for 30 sec, 72° C. for 2 min (30 cycles), and 72° C. for 10 min (1 cycle).

Construction of the Recombinant P. pastoris Strains

Preparation of Competent P. pastoris Cells

Host cells R pastoris GS115 were spread onto YPD plates and the plates were incubated at 30° C. for 48 h. GS115 colonies were picked up and inoculated into 6 mL YPD liquid medium and incubated for approximately 12 h at 30° C. with shaking at 220 rpm. Then the YPD liquid medium containing GS115 was inoculated into 30 mL YPD liquid medium and incubated for 5 h at 30° C. with shaking at 220 rpm. The cell density of the yeast cultures were measured using a spectrophotometer. When the optical density (OD600) between 1.1 and 1.3, 4 mL yeast cultures were added into a sterilized EP tubes and centrifuged at 9000 rpm and 4° C. for 2 min. The supernatants were removed, while the remaining yeast cells were re-suspended in 1 ml of sterile pre-cooled water. The suspension containing yeast cells was centrifuged at 9000 rpm and 4° C. for 2 min. The supernatant was removed, while the remaining yeast cells were re-suspended in 1 ml of pre-cooled sorbitol (1 mol/L). The sorbitol containing yeast cells was centrifuged at 9000 rpm and 4° C. for 2 min. The supernatant was removed, while the remaining yeast cells were re-suspended in 100-150 μl of sterile pre-cooled sorbitol (1 mol/L).

1.3.2 Transformation and Screening

The recombinant plasmids pPIC9K-APPA and pPIC9K-APPA-M were linearized by Sal I and transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 respectively by electroporation. Then the transformation mixtures were spread on MD plates and dried in a sterile bench. The MD plates were placed inverted and incubated at 30° C. for 2-3 days to obtain recombinant P. pastoris strains carrying the recombinant plasmids pPIC9K-APPA or pPIC9K-APPA-M. There were approximately 300 clones on each plate. The clones were washed down with sterile water and spread on YPD plates containing different concentrations of geneticin (0.5 mg/mL-8 mg/mL) to screen multiple copies of transformants.

One of the recombinant yeast strains carrying the recombinant plasmids pPIC9K-APPA was named Pichia pastoris APPA. One of the recombinant yeast strains carrying the recombinant plasmids pPIC9K-APPA-M was named Pichia pastoris APPA-M. The two recombinant strains were first inoculated into separate flasks with BMGY medium and cultured at 30° C. for 1 d with agitation at 250 rpm, and then inoculated in BMMY medium at 30° C. for 4 d with agitation at 250 rpm. 0.5% methanol was added into the medium as an inducer every day. After that, the medium was centrifuged at 9000 rpm for 10 min. The fermentation supernatants containing phytase were retained, while the yeast cells were removed.

(1) Definition of Phytase Activity Unit

One phytase unit is the activity of phytase that generates 1 micromole of inorganic phosphorus per minute from 5.0 mmol/L sodium phytate at pH 5.0 and 37° C., which is indicated as U.

Method for Detecting Phytase Activity

1.8 mL of acetic acid buffer (pH 5.0) and 0.2 mL of sample are both added into two separate cuvettes named A and B, mixed and warmed at 37° C. for 5 min. 4 mL of substrate solution is added into cuvette A and 4 mL of stop solution is added into cuvette B, mixed and reacted at 37° C. for 30 min. The reaction is ended by adding and mixing 4 mL stop solution in cuvette A and 4 mL substrate solution in cuvette B. After standing for 3 min, the absorbance is measured at 415 nm. Three repeats are made for each sample, and the average of the absorbance values is used for calculating the phytase activity by regression linear.

X=F×C/(m×30)  Enzyme activity:

where: X—Unit of enzyme activity, U/g(mL);

F—Total dilution factors of sample solution before reaction;

C—The enzyme activity is calculated from the linear regression equation based on the absorbance of the actual sample solution, U;

m—Sample mass or volume, g/mL; Reaction time;

30—Reaction time;

(3) Phytase Activities were Shown in Table 1

TABLE 1 Phytase activities Activity Sample Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Average (U/mL) APPA 0.473 0.477 0.471 0.474 166 APPA-M 0.486 0.489 0.484 0.486 195

As shown in Table 1, the enzyme activities of the fermentation supernatants of Pichia pastoris APPA and Pichia pastoris APPA-M were 166 U/mL and 195 U/mL, respectively.

Fermentation Process

P. pastoris APPA and P. pastoris APPA-M were cultured in two separate 10 L fermenters with the fermentation medium containing: 1.1 g/L CaSO₄, 5.5 g/L KH₂PO₄, 55 g/L NH₄H₂PO₄, 16.4 g/L MgSO₄, 20.3 g/L K₂SO₄, 1.65 g/L KOH and 0.05% antifoam, and the fermentation parameters: pH 5.0, 30° C., agitation at 300 rpm, aeration at 1.0-1.5 v/v, and the dissolved oxygen kept above 20%.

There were three stages of the fermentation process. The first stage was for cell culture with 7% seed inoculated and cultured at 30° C. for 24-26 h until the supplement of glucose was finished. The second stage was for cell hunger with no more carbon source supplemented. This stage lasted about 30-60 min until the concentration of dissolved oxygen rose to 80%. The third stage was for inducing the expression of phytase with methanol added as an inducer in flow, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen maintained at more than 20%, which lasted about 150-180 h. After that, the fermentation broth was treated by a plate and frame filter to obtain crude enzyme solution.

The phytase activities of the crude enzyme solutions were determined by the method mentioned in 1.3.2, and the results were shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Phytase activity test results Activity Sample Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Average (U/mL) APPA 0.488 0.485 0.487 0.487 9800 APPA-M 0.459 0.461 0.462 0.461 10257

The phytase activities of the crude enzyme solutions of P. pastoris APPA and P. pastoris APPA-M were 9800 U/mL and 10257 U/mL, respectively.

Analysis of Enzymatic Properties

Optimal Temperature

The phytase activities of the crude enzyme solutions of P. pastoris APPA and P. pastoris APPA-M were measured at pH5.5 and 5° C. intervals between 30° C. and 85° C. With the highest phytase activity calculated 100%, the relative enzyme activities were calculated. The results showed that the optimal temperatures of the wild-type phytase APPA and phytase mutant APPA-M were both 75° C.

Optimal pH

The crude enzyme solutions of P. pastoris APPA and P. pastoris APPA-M were diluted by 0.1M acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer at pH 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 respectively. The phytase activities were measured at 37° C., and the relative enzyme activities were calculated with the highest enzyme activity calculated 100%. The results showed that the optimal pH of wild phytase APPA and phytase mutant APPA-M was both 5.0.

Thermostability

The crude enzyme solutions of P. pastoris APPA and P. pastoris APPA-M were diluted 10 times with 0.25M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) which was preheated for 10 min. The diluted enzyme solutions were well mixed and treated at 75° C. for 5 min.

The phytase activities were measured when the diluted enzyme solutions were cooled to room temperature. With the phytase activity of the untreated enzyme solution calculated 100%, the residual phytase activities were calculated.

Residual phytase activity (%)=phytase activity of the enzyme solution being treated/phytase activity of the enzyme solution being untreated×100%.

The results showed that after being treated at 75° C. for 5 min, the residual phytase activity of the wild-type phytase APPA was below 10%, while that of the phytase mutant APPA-M was above 95%. In conclusion, the thermostability of the phytase mutant APPA-M was significantly higher than that of the wild-type phytase APPA.

Example 2 Phytase Mutants

In order to improve the thermostability of the phytase mutant APPA-M, the protein structure of APPA-M was analyzed. The result showed that there were two domains in the protein: domain I contained 134 amino acid residues at the N-terminus and 152 amino acid residues at C-terminus, while domain II contained the remaining 124 amino acid residues in the middle. The conserved sequences and activity center are all in domain I. Without destroying the secondary structure and activity center of the protein, Further mutations of the amino acid residuals were carried out.

2.1 Mutations of Phytase Mutant APPA-M

Primer APPAM-FI and APPAM-R1 were designed: XynII-F1: GGCGAATTCCAGTCAGAACCAGAGTTGAAGTT  (Underlined was the recognition site of restriction endonuclease EcoRI), which was shown in SEQ ID NO: 11; XynII-R1: ATAGCGGCCGCTTACAAGGAACAAGCAGGGAT  (Underlined was the recognition site of restriction endonuclease Notl), which was shown in SEQ ID NO: 12;

APPA-M gene was amplified using the primers above by a GeneMorph II random mutagenesis kit. The amplification products were recovered, and then digested with EcoRI and NotI and ligated into EcoRI-NotI-digested plasmid pET21a. After that the plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) and then the recombinant E. coli cells were spread onto LB+Amp plates. After being incubated at 37° C., the colonies were transferred one by one into 96-well polypropylene microtiter plates containing LB+Amp medium with 150 ul 0.1 mM IPTG in each well. The microtiter plates were incubated at 37° C. for 6 h with shaking at 220 rpm. The supernatant was removed from the fermentation broth by centrifugation. Afterwards the cells were re-suspended with buffer and repeated freeze-thawed to obtain phytase-containing E. coli cell lysates.

40 ul cell lysates were transferred into two separate new 96-well plates, one of which was treated at 80° C. for 10 min, and the other was not. 80 ul substrates were added into each well of the plates and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. Afterwards 80 ul stop solution (ammonium vanadate:ammonium molybdate:nitric acid=1:1:2) was added to end the reaction. In each well of the plates, the contents of inorganic phosphate were determined, which reflected the activities of different mutants obtained in the invention.

Compared with phytase APPA-M, the thermostabilities of some mutants were not improved, or even worse. For example, after being treated at 80° C. for 5 min, the residual enzyme activities of a three-point mutant (Q184E/Y289K/1405L) and the C-terminal (CNZSMQTD) removed mutant were reduced by 9% and 17% respectively, and two one-point mutants (Q285Y and C178N) were almost inactivated. Besides, there were some mutants with improved thermostabilities, but their enzymatic properties were significantly changed, which also limited their applications in feed.

This invention provided three mutants with significantly improved thermostabilities as well as high activities and original enzymatic properties.

One mutant was named PHY1 with one-point mutation A380P, its amino acid sequence was shown as SEQ ID NO: 5, and the encoding polynucleotide sequence was shown as SEQ ID NO: 6.

Another mutant was named PHY4 with four-point mutations S80P, N176P, S187P and A380P, its amino acid sequence was shown as SEQ ID NO: 7, and the encoding polynucleotide sequence was shown as SEQ ID NO: 8.

The other mutant was named PHY5 with five-point mutations S80P, T161P, N176P, S187P and A380P, its amino acid sequence was shown as SEQ ID NO: 9, and the encoding polynucleotide sequence was shown as SEQ ID NO: 10.

2.2 Synthesis and Amplification of Mutant Genes

Three polynucleotide sequences were synthesized with reference to SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 10 and optimized based on codon bias of Pichia pastoris by Shanghai Generay Biotech Co., Ltd, of which an EcoRI restriction site and a NotI restriction site were added to the 5′ end and 3′ end respectively.

2.3 Construction of Expression Vector

The three polynucleotide sequences synthesized above and the plasmids pPIC-9k were first digested by EcoRI and NotI, and then ligated together at 16° C. overnight respectively. After that, the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli DH5α. The recombinant E. coli cells then were spread onto LB+Amp plates. The plates were placed inverted and incubated at 37° C. until transformants grew up. Positive transfromants were selected and verified by colony PCR (reaction was as same as in Example 1) and DNA sequencing, and were named as pPIC9K-PHY1, pPIC9K-PHY4 and pPIC9K-PHY5 respectively.

2.4 Construction of the Recombinant P. pastoris Strain

The recombinant plasmids pPIC9K-PHY1, pPIC9K-PHY4 and pPIC9K-PHY5 were linearized by Sal I and transformed into host cells Pichia pastoris GS115 by electroporation. The recombinant strains P. pastoris GS115/pPIC9K-PHY1, GS115/pPIC9K-PHY4 and GS115/pPIC9K-PHY5 were obtained on MD plates after screening YPD plates containing different concentrations of geneticin (0.5 mg/mL-8 mg/mL) were used to select multiple copies of transformants.

The transformants of the recombinant strains GS115/pPIC9K-PHY1, GS115/pPIC9K-PHY4 and GS115/pPIC9K-PHY5 were named Pichia pastoris PHY1, Pichia pastoris PHY4, and Pichia pastoris PHY5, respectively. The three transformants above were inoculated into separate flasks with BMGY medium and cultured at 30° C. for 1 d with agitation at 250 rpm, and then transferred and inoculated in BMMY medium at 30° C. for 4 d with agitation at 250 rpm. 0.5% methanol, as an inducer, was added every 24 h. The cells were removed from the fermentation broth by centrifugation at 9000 rpm for 10 min and the fermentation supernatants containing phytase PHY1, or phytase PHY4 or phytase PHY5 were retained.

The activities of fermentation supernatants were detected by the method mentioned in 1.3.2, and the results were shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Phytase activities Activity Sample Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Average (U/mL) PHY1 0.481 0.483 0.484 0.482 211 PHY4 0.483 0.479 0.481 0.481 201 PHY5 0.491 0.488 0.489 0.489 255

As shown in Table 3, the activities of the fermentation supernatants of Pichia pastoris PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were 211 U/mL, 201 U/mL and 255 U/mL, respectively.

2.5 Fermentation Process P. pastoris PHY1, P. pastoris PHY4 and P. pastoris PHY5 were fermented in three separate 10 L fermenters. The fermentation medium contained 1.1 g/L CaSO₄, 5.5 g/L KH₂PO₄, 55 g/L NH₄H₂PO₄, 16.4 g/L MgSO₄, 20.3 g/L K₂SO₄, 1.65 g/L KOH and 0.05% antifoam.

Fermentation parameters: pH 5.0, 30° C., agitation at 300 rpm, aeration at 1.0-1.5 v/v, and the dissolved oxygen was kept above 20%.

There were three stages of the fermentation process. The first stage was for cell culture with 7% seed inoculated and cultured at 30° C. for 24-26 h until the supplement of glucose was finished. The second stage was for cell hunger with no more carbon source supplemented. This stage lasted about 30-60 min until the concentration of dissolved oxygen rose to 80%. The third stage was for inducing the expression of phytase with methanol added as an inducer in flow, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen maintained at more than 20%, which lasted about 150-180 h. After that, the fermentation broth was treated by a plate and frame filter to obtain crude enzyme solution.

The phytase activities of the crude enzyme solutions were detected by the method mentioned in 1.3.2, and the results were shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Phytase activities Activity Sample Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Average (U/mL) PHY1 0.478 0.479 0.481 0.479 10317 PHY4 0.484 0.480 0.481 0.482 10401 PHY5 0.479 0.477 0.480 0.479 10813

The phytase activities of the crude enzyme solutions of R pastoris PHY1, P. pastoris PHY4 and P. pastoris PHY5 were 10317 U/mL, 10401 U/mL, and 10813 U/mL, respectively.

Analysis of Enzymatic Properties

Optimal Temperature

The phytase activities of the crude enzyme solutions of P. pastoris PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were measured at pH5.5 and 5° C. intervals between 30° C. and 85° C. With the highest phytase activity calculated 100%, the relative enzyme activities were calculated. The results showed that the optimal temperatures of phytase mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were 75° C., which were the same with the wild-type phytase APPA and the mutant APPA-M.

Optimal pH

The crude enzyme solutions of P. pastoris PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were diluted by 0.1M acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer at pH 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 respectively. The phytase activities were measured at 37° C., and the relative enzyme activities were calculated with the highest enzyme activity calculated 100%. The results showed that the optimal pH of the phytase mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were 5.0, which were the same with the wild-type phytase APPA and the mutant APPA-M.

Thermostability

The crude enzyme solutions of P. pastoris PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were diluted 10 times with 0.25M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) which was preheated for 10 min. The diluted enzyme solutions were well mixed and treated at 85° C. for 5 min, and 80° C. for 10 min, respectively. The phytase activities were measured when the diluted enzyme solutions were cooled to room temperature. With the phytase activity of the untreated enzyme solution calculated 100%, the residual phytase activities were calculated.

As shown in FIG. 2, compared with phytase mutant APPA-M, the residual activity of the phytase mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 were higher by 33.85%, 53.11% and 75.86%, respectively, after being treated at 80° C. for 10 min, and were higher by 14.89%, 28.45% and 44.94%, respectively, after treating at 85° C. for 5 min.

In conclusion, Using the mutant APPA-M as a basis, the invention provided new mutants containing additional one- or multiple-point mutations such as a one-point mutant PHY1 (A380P), a four-point mutant PHY4 (S80P, T161P, N176P and A380P) and a five-point mutant PHY5 (S80P, T161P, N176P, S187P and A380P). Compared with phytase mutant APPA-M, the optimal pH of the phytase mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 remained unchanged, but the thermostabilities of the phytase mutants PHY1, PHY4 and PHY5 had been significantly increased, which was conducive to the applications of the phytase mutants in feed.

The phytase mutants provided herein are described in detail. The principles and embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to specific examples, and the descriptions of the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the method and the core idea of the present invention. It is particularly to be noted that all similar substitutions and modifications without departing from the principle will be regarded as obvious to those skilled in the field and are considered to be fallen within the scope of the claims of the invention. 

The invention claims:
 1. A phytase mutant, comprising the amino acid sequence shown in (I) or (II): (I) an amino acid sequence which has at least 70% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; (II) an amino acid sequence which has at least one immune epitope of the phytase, and comprises a modification, substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 amino acids are substituted within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 2. The phytase mutant of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more amino acid substitutions in a position selected from positions 25, 46, 62, 70, 73, 75, 114, 137, 142, 146, 159 and 255, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 3. The phytase mutant of claim 2, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one additional amino acid substitution at position 380, the position corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 4. The phytase mutant of claim 3, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more additional amino acid substitutions at position 80, 176 or 187, the position corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 5. The phytase mutant of claim 4, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one additional amino acid substitution at position 161, the position corresponding to the respective position in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 6. The phytase mutant of any claim above, wherein the amino acid sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO:
 9. 7. A DNA molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the phytase mutant of claim 1-6.
 8. The DNA molecule of claim 7, wherein the polynucleotide sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO:
 10. 9. An expression vector comprising the DNA molecule of claim 7-8.
 10. A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim
 9. 